درس الصفحة 56 englesh

درس الصفحة 56

Modals: Expressing degrees of certainty

الأفعال المساعدة للتعبير عن درجة اليقينية/ التأكد

"Degree of certainty" refers to how sure we are-what we think the chances are-that something is true. If we are sure that something is true in the present, we do not need to use a modal. For example, if I say, "Martha is sick," I am sure; I am stating a fact that I am sure. My degree of certainty here is 100%. If I am asked "Why isn't Martha in class?" and I am not sure of the reason, I can respond in the following ways:

للتعبير عن مدى أو درجة التأكد أو اليقينية في فعل شيء ما نستعمل عدة عبارات مع أفعال مساعدة. و فيما يلي أمثلة على ذلك

1She must be sick.

Here, I am 95% sure that she is (not 100%)

تفيد التأكد بنسبة 95 في المئة Must

2She may be sick.

Here, I am 50% sure that she is

تفيد التأكد بنسبة 50 في المئة May

3She might be sick.

Here, I am less than 50% sure that she is

تفيد التأكد بنسبة أقل من 50 في المئة Might

4She could be sick.

Here, I am stating a mere guess. This is a very weak degree of certainty

أنا فقط أقدم افتراض أي أن درجة التأكد ضعيفة Could

The Negative

أسلوب النفي

Forming such sentences in the negative can be confusing. Read these sentences

Maria is not hungry.

I am 100% sure that she is not hungry.

كما في المثال فأنا متأكد مئة في المئة Verb to be عندما أستعمل

I don't know why Maria is not eating with us. She may

not (or might not) be hungry.

I am 50% or less certain that she is not hungry.

May not/ might not تفيد التأكد بنسبة 50 بالمئة

Maria cannot be hungry. She has just had diner.

Here, I believe that there is no possibility that Maria is hungry, but I am not 100% sure.

أعبر عن انعدام الإمكانية Can not هنا مع

Maria is not eating. She must not be hungry.

Here, I am expressing a logical conclusion, a best guess.

أعبر عن استنتاج منطقي ومعقول Must not هنا مع

إذا أردنا التعبير عن درجة من التأكد في الماضي يجب استعمال الصيغ التالية

Modal verb + have + past participle

Examples

Maria didn’t attend the meeting. She must have been sick

لا حظ عندما أغير الجملة للمضارع the present

Maria doesn’t attend the meeting. She must be sick

أي أننا نستعمل فقط الفعل المساعد المناسب

Could in the past

Could ماضي

Could is used to express ability in the past. Here it is

لتعبير عن القدرة على القيام بشيء في الماضي Could تستعمل

For example: My girlfriend could lift the desk, but I could not.

--- This means that my girlfriend was able to lift the desk, but I was unable to.

I could play football when I was a kid.

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Phrasal verbs

الأفعال العبارية

صفحة 56

Phrasal verbs أو الأفعال العبارية هي الأفعال التي تتكون من فعل + حرف جر

مثل Go up , Get along, keep on

اليوم سنرى بعض الأفعال العبارية المدرجة في الوحدة الثانية من كتاب

Into English Insights

مع حروف الجر Up, down , along, across, on

Up: for increasing

تفيد الزيادة في الشيء

:Ex

Prices have gone up

Up: for completion

تفيد إنهاء شيئ ما

:Ex

!Drink your milk up

Down: for decreasing

تفيد النقصان

:Ex

Prices have come down

Up and Down: for excitement interest and happiness

يفيداني الإثارة والإهتمام والفرح

:Ex

Calm down

!Cheer up . Life is too short to be so unhappy

Along: for relationships

تفيد العلاقة

:Ex

I get along with my classmates

Across: so as to be understood or learned

تفيد الإيصال والإفهام

Ex:

He couldn’t get the idea across to the students

On: for progress

تفيد الصيرورة والإستمرار

:Ex

The work is good. Just keep on

» مفردات النصوص الصفحة 65 eng